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In old days men had the rack. Now they nonplus the press. That is an improvement certainly. But still it is very bad, and wrong, and demoralising. Somebody - was it Burke? - called journalism the poop estate. That was true at the time, no doubt. But at the present moment it really is the only estate. It has eaten up the other deuce-ace. The Lords Temporal say nothing, the Lords Spiritual have nothing to say, and the House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism. The Soul of Man - Oscar WildeFeudal society was traditionally divided into three "estates" (social classes). The "First state" was the Church (clergy - those who prayed). The "Second Estate" was the Nobility (those who fought - knights). It was common for aristocrats to enter the Church and thus shift from the second to the first estate. The "Third Estate" was the Peasantry (everyone else, at least under feudalism those who produced the food which supporte d those who prayed and those who fought, the members of the First and Second Estates). These "estates" are defined primarily by what one does (as well as by the social class one is born into). The term fourth estate is used today to refer to the mass media as a powerful watchdog in liberal democracy, revealing abuses of state authority and defending the democratic rights of citizens. The notion that the press is a great instrument of liberty providing a check on the abuse of government power any power - is a central part of any political culture. "If people dont know about power and let their attention wander completely then those in power will take liberties".Andrew Marr, BBCs political editor Former editor of The IndependentThe main char moulder reference of the press is to ensure transparency and accountability in the governments dealings.The publisher of a newspaper is most often also the possessor and is the text file top manager. If a chain or a large corpo ration owns the paper, the publisher represents the owners interests and ensures the businesss profitability.According to the untesteds Writers Handbook, the owners opinion about the news of the day is usually echoed by the editorial page editor on the editorial page and on the op- ed page opposite the editorial.It is common for the editorial page editor to report directly to the publisher, and not the paper... ...t.The education editor reviews books and other education material that is to be used by students. "Perhaps the most urgent--and complex--task facing American education today is to figure out how to hold schools accountable for improved academic achievement. In this important new work, Helen Ladd.. this book should be at the top of the reading list for anyone seriously interested in transforming the quality of American schools." Edward B. Fiske, Education Editor, The New York TimesAll the editors work together to produce a newsworthy newspaper. The sit in the news room and deliberate of the ethical principles and legal ramifications of running certain stories. They act as a checking system on one another and so help in upholding the philosophies of categorical imperative, hedonism, veil of ignorance, golden rule, golden mean and utilitatianism for the impregnable of the newspaper and the greater good of the public.BIBLIOGRAPHYRudin, Richard and Ibbotson, Trevor, Introduction to Journalism. Focal Press, 2002.Keeble, Richard Newspapers Handbook( Media Practices) Routledge, 1998.Frost, Chris, Reporting for Journalists. Routledge Taylor and Francis Books Lt, 2001